The state of Arkansas has 2 native species of wildcats. These are the bobcat and the mountain lion. Bobcats are plentiful in Arkansas. On the other hand, mountain lions were thought to be locally extinct in the state in the early 1900s.
In recent years, there have been quite a few confirmed mountain lion sightings in Arkansas. While Arkansas Game and Fish biologists concede that there are mountain lions in Arkansas, they still question whether or not there is a breeding population within the state. We’ll talk about that later in the article.
Even though wildlife officials insist that they don’t exist in the state, Arkansas residents also report several sightings of black panthers per year. We’ll also talk about this toward the bottom of the article.
Bobcats in Arkansas (Lynx rufus)
The Bobcat, which is also known as the red lynx, is a North American wild cat. Biologists believe that both the bobcat and the Canada lynx are descendants of the Eurasian lynx whose ancestors crossed into North America via the Bearing Sea land bridge.
Bobcats reside only in North America. Their range begins in Canada. Central British Columbia is the furthest north that bobcats live. Their range extends south through the United States and down into central Mexico. They are the most common wildcats in North America.
For a time, bobcats ranged in all 48 contiguous states, with the exception of Delaware. However, in recent years, there have been many bobcat sightings in the state of Delaware as well.
The bobcat is one of the main predators in the state of Arkansas, along with the red fox, the gray fox, the coyote, and the black bear.
Bobcats range throughout the state of Arkansas. A key to the bobcat’s success is their ability to utilize diverse habitat types. One of the few things that impede their success is deep powdery snow.
However, in Arkansas, you’re most likely to find them in riparian woodland, dense forests, ravines, rocky ledges and/or outcroppings, and field borders. Although they handily use most habitat types, they’re least likely to be living adjacent to intensely developed agricultural land and or urban areas.
The mottled pattern of their fur gives them excellent camouflage to live undetected in these environments.
Bobcats do not hibernate. They are active throughout the year. However, they’re rarely seen since they’re predominantly nocturnal or crepuscular animals. See
Bobcats are solitary animals with the exceptions of during mating season or when a female is raising young. They are territorial and live in home ranges that they patrol and scent mark with urine and feces.
The size of their home ranges varies with the geography and the availability of prey.
It’s also important to note that male and female bobcat home ranges sometimes overlap.
What do bobcats look like?
A bobcat is much smaller than a mountain lion and slightly smaller than a Canada lynx. An average bobcat is about twice the size of a domestic cat.
A bobcat is 2 to 3 feet long and weighs about 15 to 35 pounds. A female bobcat is quite a bit smaller than a male.
These animals have a “bobbed,” short tail with black bands on its upper surface. Their tail also has a black tip on its upper surface but not the back. Their fur is usually gray to brown, with mottled black spots that range from black to dark brown on their bodies. They also have black stripes on their inner forelegs and tail.
From a side view, you will notice that a bobcat is slightly higher at the rump than at the shoulders. Bobcats and lynx have long hind legs in proportion to their forelegs.
Bobcats have black-tufted ears. In other words, they have tufts of hair that poke up above their ears that are black at the tips. They do have shorter ear tufts than their close relative, the Canada lynx.
The backs of their ears, below the black tips, are black. In the center of the black of each ear, they have a single white spot. This gives the impression of a false eye on the back of each ear.
They also have a whiskered face that seems broader due to their long ruffled facial hair and whiskers. Their eyes are yellow with round black pupils.
Bobcats aren’t adapted for deep snow.
Compared to Canadian lynx, which thrive in deep snow country, bobcats struggle more in the snow due to the fact that they cannot walk on top of it like lynx can. A lynx’s large paws function like snowshoes keeping it on the snow’s surface. On the other hand, compared to lynx, bobcats have small feet that tend to sink into the snow. If the snow is too deep and powdery, it reduces their mobility along with their ability to catch prey.
This is why the bobcat range dies out in southern Canada; from there on north, Canada lynx are more prevalent and bobcats less so.
Bobcats are also unable to live at higher elevations as lynx do in the winter. In the winter, lynx are able to stay in the high country to hunt their preferred prey, snowshoe hares.
What do bobcats eat?
Despite their comparatively small size, bobcats are aggressive, tough predators. At times, particularly during the winter, they prey on large mammals that are much larger than they are, such as deer. However, in Kansas, their regular diets mainly consist of small mammals such as cottontail rabbits, jackrabbits, cotton rats, wood rats, beavers, muskrats, and porcupines, birds such as wild turkeys, pheasants, and various songbirds, reptiles, insects, and carrion. When they take up residence close to a residential area, their menu might occasionally also include small agricultural animals, domestic cats, and small dogs.
Interestingly, they even prey on venomous snakes even though they are not immune to the venom. They accomplish this by using their quickness to pin the snake’s head down with a paw, after which they dispatch the snake with a quick bite to its spine behind the head.
The venomous snakes in Arkansas include the Northern Cottonmouth, the Southern Copperhead, the Osages Copperhead, the Western Diamond-Backed Rattlesnake, the Timber Rattlesnake, the Western Pygmy Rattlesnake, and the Texas Coral Snake. See
What eats bobcats?
In Arkansas, coyotes, domestic dogs, great horned owls, and foxes may occasionally kill young bobcats. Other than that, these felines have no real predators.
Reproduction and lifecycle for bobcats in Arkansas
The following quote was taken from the Kansas Mammal Atlas. The information is mostly applicable to bobcats in Arkansas as well. See
“Bobcats are polygamous, and females are seasonally polyestrous. Females that fail to become pregnant in early spring may come into heat again later in the spring or summer. Most copulations occur from January until July or August, but breeding may take place in any month. Females sometimes breed twice a year, and litters are born after an average gestation period of 63 days. Litter size in Kansas ranges from 1 to 6 (usually 2). The eyes are closed at birth, and they remain so until kittens are from 3 to 11 days old. Only the female is involved in care of young. Nursing lasts two months, and kittens are weaned at three months. The female begins taking the kittens with her when hunting at about three months. At six months, young Bobcats begin hunting alone but remain near the natal den. Dispersal occurs before the mother bears her next litter.”
Female bobcats reach sexual maturity at 1 year of age, while males reach sexual maturity at age 2.
The average life span of a wild bobcat is 7 to 10 years. See
Hunting and trapping bobcats in Arkansas
Bobcats are classified as furbearers in Arkansas. Look below for all the relevant information on hunting them from the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission.
- Bobcat season will run from Sunrise, Sept. 1, 2022, to sunset, Feb. 28, 2023
- Dogs are allowed to hunt bobcats during the day. On the other hand, dogs are required to hunt bobcats at night
- During turkey season (day hunting only; no dogs allowed).
- Dogs are not allowed in deer zones where a firearms deer season is in progress that prohibits the use of dogs.
- During youth turkey hunts, only youths may take bobcats.
- Bobcats may be taken with archery equipment or any rifle or shotgun ammunition.
- Daily limit 2, possession unlimited. See
Are there mountain lions in Arkansas? (Puma concolor)
Due to the fact that they live over a wide geographical area, mountain lions have a long list of regional names. In recent years, their scientific name was even changed from Felis concolor to Puma concolor. Some common names that mountain lions go by are cougar, panther painter, Andean Mountain lion, and puma.
Where are mountain lions typically found?
Mountain lions live on all three of the American continents. Their range begins in Canada’s Yukon territory and extends south through parts of North America, Central America, and South America to the southern tip of Argentina.
In Canada, the biggest populations of them are in British Columbia and Alberta. On the other hand, in the United States, they mainly live in the western united states and Florida in the southeast. In Florida, the cougar is called the Florida panther.
Some history on mountain lions in Arkansas
- The mountain lion, the black bear, and the red wolf were common in Arkansas well into the 19th century. All three were nearly extirpated from the state or nearly so by the early 20th century. See
- The mountain lion was distributed throughout the state. However, their population was densest in the Ouachita and Ozark mountains.
- As the state of Arkansas became settled by European Americans, the new inhabitants took a dim view of large predators killing their livestock. Beginning in the early 1800s, the state of Arkansas paid bounties for wolf, wildcat, and panther scalps.
- By the early 1900s over hunting, along with the near eradication of their main prey animal, the white-tailed deer, had driven most mountain lions from the state of Arkansas.
- The general consensus was that mountain lions were eradicated from the state of Arkansas by 1920. However, 2 cougars were killed in 1949 in Montgomery and Polk Counties. See
- 2 additional mountain lions were killed in Ashley and Logan Counties in 1969 and 1975.
- Between 1975 and now, there have been numerous sightings of mountain lions, mountain lion tracks, and mountain lion scat in the state of Arkansas. In 2015 David Goad of the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission said that they know mountain lions are in Arkansas. However, they haven’t seen any evidence that there is a breeding population of wild mountain lions in the state. See
Why mountain lion sightings don’t necessarily mean that a breeding population exists
Here’s the thing about mountain lions. They’re solitary, territorial animals. Male mountain lions are particularly territorial. Young male cougars sometimes travel 100s of miles looking to establish their own home range in new territory in the vicinity of other cougars. A famous example of this occurred in 2011 when a young male cougar traveled over 1500 miles from South Dakota to be struck by a vehicle in Connecticut. See
According to the experts, a large share of the mountain lion sightings in Arkansas are likely sub-adult males, dispersing from established populations and passing through the territory.
Another possible source of mountain lion sightings is freed captive animals. For example, in the year 2001, 150 pet mountain lions were believed to exist in Arkansas. Additionally, there were 8 known escapes of pet mountain lions in the state between 1997 and 2001. See
What do mountain lions look like?
To visualize what a mountain lion looks like, picture a giant house cat with short, light brown fur. Mountain lions are much larger than domestic cats, though. Average house cats weigh in at around 10 pounds, while male mountain lions can weigh over 200 pounds.
These large cats have a muscular slender body, a rounded small head, and upright ears that are oval at the tip. Another characteristic that mountain lions have is their muscular long tails, which account for almost one-third of the entire length of the animal. They use their long tail for a counterbalance, moving it from side to side as they navigate through uneven terrain.
Mountain lions have a tan coat of short, coarse hair over most of their body. The area around their nose, the tip of their tail, and the tips of their ears are black. Their belly, the area above their upper lip, below their lower lip, and their chin are all white. They also have a sprinkling of dark hair on their backs. There are some coat color variances between different geographic locations.
Mountain lions are the second largest cat in the western hemisphere, smaller only than the Jaguar (Panthera onca). However, worldwide, the African Lion, ((Panthera leo) and the Tiger (Panthera tigris) are also larger.
Male and female mountain lions are phenotypically identical in every respect except for size. Males are 30 to 40% bigger than females. Though sizes vary considerably throughout the cat’s geographic range, an adult male typically weighs between 110 and 180 pounds, 50 to (82 kgs). A rare few of them grow bigger than 200 pounds (91kgs). Female mountain lions or queens average between 80 and 130 pounds (36 to 59 kgs). Adult males or toms will reach a length of 6 to 8 feet (1.8 to 2.4 M) from their snout to the tip of their tail. On the other hand, adult females are 5 to 7 feet long (1.5 to 2.1 M).
Large cats but not big cats
A fun fact is that even though a mountain lion is a very large cat and an apex predator, mountain lions are not taxonomically classified as big cats because they cannot roar. Snow leopards, for example, are smaller than mountain lions, but since they can roar and cannot purr, they are classified as big cats, while mountain lions are not. Another interesting thing that I can mention here is that mountain lions purr.
Since they purr and cannot roar, mountain lions are in the Felis genus, while big cats that cannot purr and can roar are in the Panthera genus.
As of the year 2017, mountain lions are taxonomically divided into 2 sub-species. The first is (Puma concolor couguar) or northern cougar. Northern cougars range through North America, Central America, and possibly northwestern South America. The second sub-species is (Puma concolor concolor) or southern cougar. These cats range only in South America.
What do mountain lions eat?
Mountain lions account for around 18 pounds of biomass and consume around 10 pounds of meat per day. To do this, an adult mountain lion has to kill a deer or a deer’s equivalent in meat around once a week. A mountain lion’s preferred prey is deer. However, they also prey on other animals.
In Arkansas, mountain lions would prey on white tail deer, elk, feral horses, coyotes, raccoons, rabbits, birds such as a wild turkey, miscellaneous songbirds, pack rats, various small rodents, prairie dogs, porcupines, skunks, snakes, pets, feral cats, livestock, and any other native wild animals they can catch.
Mountain lion behavior
Mountain lions are solitary animals. It’s a Rarity to see 2 or more together unless during mating or in the case of a female raising young. They have expansive home ranges.
They have expansive home ranges. In fact, an adult male mountain lion’s home range is normally more than 100 square miles and up to 250 square miles. They will sometimes mark their territory by leaving claw marks on trees. They also scratch up piles of leaves and or pine needles that they urinate on as a scent marker. Male mountain lions fight to the death sometimes to defend their territory.
Do mountain lions ever harm humans?
I’ve taken much of the following section from another one of my blog posts entitled “Are Mountain Lions Dangerous?” Found here.
Fatal mountain lion attacks on humans are extremely rare. In fact, there are only 20 records of fatal mountain lion attacks on humans in all of North America in the last 100 years. Don’t let that fact lull you into a complete sense of false security, though. There have been many more mountain lion attacks over the years that didn’t result in a fatality. Mountain lions are, in fact, dangerous.
A mountain lion is a formidably tough wild predatory animal. They can run 40 to 50 miles per hour for short bursts. Additionally, they can leap 18 feet vertically and 40 feet horizontally to catch their prey. These ninja-like predators typically stalk their prey from behind and then leap on an animal’s back. They then crush their cervical spine or larynx with their powerful jaws. They have a bite force of 750 pounds per square inch.
Here are a couple of recent examples of non-fatal mountain lion attacks on humans. See See
Some factors that cause mountain lions to attack humans
The majority of the time, mountain lions use their ghost-like skills to avoid human contact. On rare occasions, though, they attack humans. Below are a few of the reasons why.
- If the cougar has an injury or some sort of impairment that prevents it from killing its normal prey, it’ll be more likely to look at a person as potential prey.
- Male mountain lions engage in fights for territory. Some of their battles are to the death. A percentage of cougar attacks on humans are perpetrated by hungry young males that have been kicked out of territories with a more abundant food supply.
- Scientific data suggests that mountain lions that were orphaned at a young age are more likely to attack humans. This is possibly because they missed the part of their training where their mothers taught them that humans are to be feared.
If a mountain lion is stalking you
- Never run away. According to a Multidisciplinary Journal of the Interactions of People and Animals, those who try to run away when they encounter a mountain lion put themselves at greater risk of sustaining serious injuries and even death. Running away triggers a lion’s instinct to chase.
- Stay as calm as you can. Panic is your enemy. In a survival situation such as this, a cool head will put you at a better advantage.
- Speak firmly in a loud voice but avoid a high-pitched tone or screaming
- You need to hold your ground when the cat is coming towards you and slowly back away when it pauses its approach
- Stand upright. Avoid bending over or crouching down as much as possible, as this puts you in the vulnerable position of appearing like a small, four-legged animal that can easily become prey.
- Open your jacket if you’re wearing one to appear larger. and wave your arms slowly to give yourself the appearance of having as much size as possible as you back away slowly. You can also throw stones, tree branches, or other objects at the lion.
- If you’re walking with a child, pick them up and hold them in your arms.
If you’ve done all the above, there’s still that small chance that you’ll still be attacked by the mountain lion. You need to be mentally prepared for this. At this point, do not panic and freeze up. In order to survive, you’ll need to fight back with as much aggression as you can muster.
Historical accounts show that people have successfully fought mountain lions off with their bare hands, sticks, rocks, garden tools, or any other weapon within reach. You already have a ready-made weapon if you’re using a walking stick. Target sensitive areas such as the eyes and nose, and hit as hard as you can! You should also try to remain standing if possible. You’ll lose some of your advantage on the ground. If you get knocked down, try as hard as possible to protect your neck and head as you continue to fight back
Are there black panthers in Arkansas?
The people at the AGFC say it’s not likely. However, several Arkansas citizens a year come forward to say they’ve seen one. here’s one example from 2019. Roger Green of Kibler believes he saw a black panther from his tree stand. What’s more, he took a video of the animal with his phone. Take a look and see what you think. I’m undecided. It’s defiantly a black feline. It’s just difficult to tell in the video how big the black feline is. See
What we call black panthers are actually melanistic, black leopards or black jaguars. There has never been a documented case of a black mountain lion.
Leopards live in Africa and Asia, while Jaguars live in South America, Central America, and North America. However, the closest they have been documented to Arkansas in recent years is the American desert southwest. See
If a black panther ever visits the state of Arkansas, it will be a melanistic jaguar. Melanistic jaguars do exist. What’s more, jaguars do visit Louisianna and Texas on rare occasions. The last recorded occasion for Louisiana was in 1886. See On the other hand, the last recorded jaguar in Texas was in 1948. See
