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There are 4 species of venomous snakes in Kentucky. These include 2 rattlesnake species plus the Eastern Copperhead and the Northern Cottonmouth. Each of these snakes plays an important ecological role by keeping rodent populations in check. Each of them is also potentially dangerous to humans. According to World Population Review, in an average year, around 143 people are bitten by venomous snakes in Kentucky. Anyone who spends time in Kentucky's outdoors should take the time to learn where these dangerous snakes live, how to identify them, and how to coexist with them. This comprehensive guide will go over all of this, so read on. Pit Vipers: The Venomous Masters of Infrared Detection Rattlesnakes, Copperheads, and Cottonmouths are among the most well-known members of the Crotalinae subfamily of the Viperidae family of venomous snakes, also referred to as pit vipers. Since all of Kentucky's venomous snakes are pit vipers, let’s learn a little bit about them. What Makes Pit Vipers Unique? Infrared-Sensing Pits:A defining feature of pit vipers is the deep facial pit between their nostril and the eye on each side of their head. These specialized infrared-detecting organs allow pit vipers to sense heat emitted by prey animals. This adaptation enables them to: Detect body heat from up to 1 meter away. Strike prey with pinpoint accuracy, even in complete darkness. Triangular Heads and Vertical Pupils: Head Shape: Pit vipers are recognized by their distinct triangular-shaped heads, which house their venom glands. Eyes: They have vertical elliptical-shaped pupils. Venomous Fangs:Pit vipers have hollow fangs connected to venom glands. These fangs fold back against the roof of their mouth when not in use. Ecological Importance Pit vipers play a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem balance by controlling rodent populations. Despite their fearsome reputation, these snakes are vital to the health of many habitats. Eastern Copperhead Eastern Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix) The Eastern Copperhead is a pit viper native to the eastern United States. What Do Eastern Copperheads Look Like? Coloration*Reddish-tan to grayish-tan bodies.*Overlaid with dark brown, hourglass-shaped markings.*Heads are dark coppery brown, giving them the name “Copperhead.”Body Shape*Stout and heavy-bodied snakes.*As with all pitvipers, their heads are triangular and appear oversized in relation to their necks.Size*Adults range from 20 to 37 inches (50 to 95 cm) in length.Conservation StatusThe most commonly found venomous snake in Kentucky. Where Do Eastern Copperheads Live in Kentucky? You will find the Eastern Copperhead throughout Kentucky. They are found in rock piles, rocky woodlands, and river bottoms. They prefer areas where the leaf and plant debris provide hiding places. Eastern Copperhead Behavior Copperheads are dangerous because they use camouflage as their number one defense mechanism. In other words, these snakes choose to lie perfectly still rather than flee most of the time. Their camouflage helps them blend in with leaf litter and other ground debris. When they feel threatened, they occasionally mimic the tail vibration of a rattlesnake. But, in most cases, they choose to lie perfectly still. Most copperhead bites on humans occur when the person steps on or near the snake. What Do Copperheads Eat? Copperhead snakes are opportunistic feeders. They eat insects, spiders, frogs, small animals, birds, and other reptiles. How Dangerous Are Copperheads? A Copperhead can bite and inject venom from the time they are newly born. Like most pit vipers, they have hemotoxic venom. Most copperhead bites are not life-threatening. On the other hand, any bite from this snake is a medical emergency and should be treated as such. Prompt medical attention increases the chance of a good outcome. Copperhead bites can cause severe pain, shock, and swelling. Their bites also have the potential to cause blood in urine, tissue damage, and kidney failure. An interesting study has found that Copperhead venom contains a protein called contortrostatin. Contortrostatin has been found to stop the growth of cancer cells in mice. Northern Cottonmouth Northern Cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus) Another common name for the Northern Cottonmouth is water moccasin. They look a little bit like rattlesnakes without the rattle on the tail. People also sometimes mistake them for common water snakes. This could be a dangerous mistake. What Do Northern Cottonmouths Look Like? Coloration*Adults: Dark brown to black body with minimal markings.*Inside of the mouth: White, giving them the name “cottonmouth.”*Juveniles: More defined patterns, resembling a copperhead with darker bands that widen toward the belly and narrow along the back.*Inside is pale pink to white, visible during their defensive open-mouthed pose (origin of the name “cottonmouth”).Body Shape*Stout, muscular snakes.Size*These snakes grow up to 3 feet (0.91 m) in length.Behaviors*Cottonmouths arc their heads upward and display an open-mouthed pose when agitated. This exposes the white interior of their mouth. This is a warning to back off or suffer the consequences.*Interestingly, they can hold their breath underwater for up to an hour while hunting for prey.Distinctive Features*Pupils are cat-like and elliptical, appearing as narrow slits during the day.At night, pupils appear round.Conservation StatusClassified as a species of greatest conservation need by the Kentucky Fish and Wildlife Resources. Where Do Northern Cottonmouths Live in Kentucky? Northern Cottonmouths live in parts of the Western Coalfields. They also live in the Jackson Purchase in southwestern Kentucky. They are semi-aquatic snakes. They favor habitats with water sources such as swamps, drainage ditches, slow-moving rivers, and lakes. They commonly sun themselves on rocks or logs at the water’s edge. Cottonmouths sometimes venture overland. It’s not unheard of to see one far from any aquatic environment. What Do Northern Cottonmouths Eat? These snakes prey on fish, freshwater crustaceans, amphibians, small mammals, and other reptiles. Cottonmouths sometimes congregate around drying wetland pools to feed on any trapped fish. How Dangerous Are Northern Cottonmouths? Northern Cottonmouth venom is cytotoxic. This means it destroys body tissue. Northern Cottonmouth bites sometimes lead to the amputation of limbs. On rare occasions, death can occur. Rattlesnakes of Kentucky Kentucky has two rattlesnake species, the Western Pygmy Rattlesnake and the Timber Rattlesnake. Rattlesnakes are pit vipers. See the description of pit vipers above. What Kentucky's rattlesnakes have in common with most other rattlesnake species is their rattle. Most rattlesnakes have a rattle at their tail’s end, comprised of hollow, loosely interlocked keratinous scales. Normally, a rattlesnake adds a new segment to its rattle each time it sheds its skin. An agitated rattlesnake rapidly vibrates its tail, causing the segments of its rattle to vibrate together, creating a buzzing or rattling sound. Not all Kentucky's rattlesnakes rattle before they strike. Sometimes, they lose their rattles due to injury, and sometimes, they choose not to rattle. Western Pygmy Rattlesnake Western Pygmy Rattlesnake (Sistrurus miliarius streckeri) The Western Pygmy Rattlesnake is a small, slender-tailed snake with a tiny rattle. What Do Western Pygmy Rattlesnake Look Like? Size*Small, slender-tailed snake with a tiny rattle.*Length: 16 to 25 inches (41 to 64 cm).*Average length: 21.1 inches (54 cm).Coloration and Markings*Body: Light grayish brown with dark-colored blotches that form crossbars along the top and sides.*Stripe: Rust-colored vertical stripe on the back (may be absent in some individuals).*Belly: Cream-colored, often mottled.*Face: Distinct dark stripe from the corner of the mouth to the eye.Rattle and Sound*A tiny rattle produces a faint, grasshopper-like buzz.*Sound can only be heard from a few feet away.Conservation StatusThreatened species in Kentucky Where Do Western Pygmy Rattlesnakes Live in Kentucky? They are located in southwestern Kentucky in Calloway, Lyon, and Trigg Counties. They are rare in Kentucky. They live in the sandhills, mixed forests, and floodplains. They are also located near swampy areas, marshes, and lakes. How Dangerous Are Western Pygmy Rattlesnakes? Western Pygmy rattlesnakes have cytotoxic venom. By definition, cytotoxic venom destroys the body’s cells. This venom disrupts blood flow and prevents clotting with its digestive enzymes. Luckily, these snakes produce a small venom yield. A bite from a pygmy rattlesnake is unlikely to be fatal. However, any bite victim should still receive prompt medical attention. Scorpions in Kentucky - Krebs Creek Coyotes in Kentucky (Canis latrans) - Krebs Creek Wild Cats in Kentucky - Krebs Creek Are There Elk In Kentucky ? - Krebs Creek Timber Rattlesnake Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) Timber Rattler and Canebrake Rattlesnake are both common names for the Timber Rattlesnake. Generally, in higher-elevation habitats, they are called Timber Rattlesnakes. On the coastal plain, though, they’re called Canebrake Rattlesnakes. What Do Timber Rattlesnakes Look Like? Size*Average length: 36 to 60 inches (0.91 to 1.52 m).*Rare cases reported: Up to 7 feet (2.13 m).Coloration*General base color: Yellowish-brown to grey-brown.*Chevron pattern: Dark brown to black chevrons on their back and sides against a lighter base color.*Back stripe: Rusty to reddish stripe running down their back.*Tail color: Dark brown or black.Melanistic Variation*Some timber rattlesnakes exhibit a dark, melanistic color morph.*These snakes can appear almost entirely black.*The tail is darker than the rest of the body in this morph.Behaviors*These snakes are excellent climbers. In fact, timber rattlers have been found in trees at heights of more than 80 feet.*The experts have proven that timber rattlesnakes help control Lyme disease. This is because as they consume rodents, they’re also consuming ticks. A timber rattler will consume 2,500 to 4,500 ticks per year, depending on the location.Conservation StatusClassified as a species of greatest conservation need by the Kentucky Fish and Wildlife Resources. Where Do Timber Rattlesnakes Live in Kentucky? Timber Rattlesnakes live statewide, except for the northern Bluegrass region of northern Kentucky. The Timber rattlesnake lives in various habitats. These include mountainous forests, pine forests, swamps, farm fields, and river floodplains. In the winter, they are found hibernating in crevices in the ground. These snakes are marvelous climbers and have been found in trees at heights of more than 80 feet. What Do Timber Rattlesnakes Eat? Timber rattlers prey on small mammals such as mice, rats, squirrels, chipmunks, and bats. They also eat small birds, other reptiles, and amphibians. How Dangerous Are Timber Rattlesnakes? Timber Rattlesnakes are among the most dangerous in the United States. This is due to their long fangs and high venom yield. 1% to 10% of untreated Timber Rattlesnake bites result in a fatality. Fortunately, 40% to 60% of the time, they produce dry bites. In other words, although their fangs penetrate the body, they do not inject any venom. These snakes produce hemotoxic venom. Timber Rattlesnake bites sometimes cause serious complications. These include shock, seizures, coma, internal bleeding, and deep tissue damage. Kentucky's Venomous Snakes in Winter: Insights into Brumation During winter, Kentucky’s snakes, like all reptiles, enter a dormant state called brumation—a hibernation-like period. Because snakes are ectothermic (cold-blooded) and cannot regulate their body temperature internally, they slow their metabolism and become inactive during the colder months. Brumation Habits Solo vs. Communal Brumation: Some snakes brumate alone, while others gather in communal dens. For example, Eastern Copperheads and Timber Rattlesnakes often share dens, which may house up to 60 snakes. Mixed-Species Dens: Interestingly, these dens can include non-venomous species. It’s not uncommon to find Black Rat Snakes sheltering alongside venomous snakes. Regional Variations Snakes may only seek shelter in warmer areas on the coldest winter days. They might not enter full brumation due to milder conditions. Where Snakes Spend Winter Snakes seek out protected spots to brumate, such as: Rock crevices Hollow logs Fissures on rocky hillsides They often choose south-facing slopes because these areas receive more sunlight, providing additional warmth during winter. This natural adaptation allows Kentucky's venomous snakes to survive the winter and re-emerge when temperatures rise. Avoiding Snake Bite In Kentucky, copperheads are responsible for the most venomous snake bites. These snakes rely on their excellent camouflage to stay hidden. They often remain perfectly still to avoid detection. If you’re walking in the woods and unknowingly get too close, a copperhead might not move, hoping you’ll pass by. Many bites happen when someone accidentally steps on the snake. To stay safe in snake habitats, always watch where you step and where you place your hands. Another common cause of snake bite is attempts to capture or kill a snake. Remember, venomous snakes can strike instantly, delivering a potentially life-threatening bite. The safest approach is to keep a safe distance and leave them alone. Dressing for Snake Country High-top leather boots and long pants are both wise ideas. Also, wear loose-fitting denim. If there’s a gap before the snake’s fangs touch your skin, your chances of being envenomated are lower. In the absence of high-top leather boots, some people wear snake gaiters. Symptoms of Venomous Snake Bites Some of the symptoms you may experience when a venomous snake bites you include: Discoloration in the area of the bite. Swelling in the area of the bite. Loss of muscle coordination. Tingling sensation in the area of the bite. Feeling nauseous. Having a faster heartbeat or rapid pulse. What Should You Do if You Are Bitten? If you or someone you are with has suffered a venomous snakebite, time is of the essence. Because the sooner a victim receives antivenom, the less chance the venom in their body has to cause harm. In other words, it is important to seek immediate medical help. Do not attempt to kill the snake for identification purposes. This gives the snake a chance to bite you again. Also, consider that severed snakeheads can still bite and envenomate and often do. If you have a phone, take a picture of the offending reptile. Otherwise, seek immediate medical attention. First Aid for Snake Bite Victims Remain calm and limit your movements. Do not run. If you must hike back to a vehicle, do it calmly and deliberately. Put as little stress on your heart as possible. Keep the area of the snake bite below the heart level and never above the heart level. Keeping the bite below the heart level will reduce the venom’s flow. However, holding the bite above your heart level will increase the venom’s flow. Remove all constricting items such as bracelets, watches, or rings before swelling occurs. Remember that using a cold compress on a venomous snake bite is not advisable. The cold may cause the local blood vessels to constrict and spread the venom faster. You can wash the affected area like any other wound with soap and water. You may cover the bite area with a moist dressing to reduce the swelling. Get medical attention as soon as possible. Call the hospital to tell them a venomous snake has bitten you. So they can have antivenom ready to give you as soon as you arrive. A person whom a venomous snake has bitten may go into shock. If this happens, lay them flat and cover them with a blanket. Conclusion Kentucky’s four venomous snake species—the Eastern Copperhead, Northern Cottonmouth, Western Pygmy Rattlesnake, and Timber Rattlesnake—play vital roles in maintaining the state’s ecosystem. Understanding these snakes' behaviors and habitats and identifying features is essential for enjoying the great outdoors safely. You can significantly reduce your potential risk by taking precautions, such as watching your step, dressing appropriately, and knowing how to respond to a snake bite. Remember, these snakes are not out to harm people. They only strike only when they feel threatened. With the proper knowledge, you can coexist with Kentucky’s venomous snakes while staying safe during your adventures. Always be prepared and stay vigilant in snake-prone areas to make the most of Kentucky’s outdoors.